Ion Channel Regulation by AMPK: The Route of Hypoxia-Response Coupling in the Carotid Body and Pulmonary Artery

Vital homeostatic mechanisms monitor O ₂ supply and adjust respiratory and circulatory function to meet demand. The pulmonary arteries and carotid bodies are key systems in this respect. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) aids ventilation−perfusion matching in the lung by diverting blood flow from areas with an O ₂ deficit to those rich in O ₂ , while a fall in arterial pO ₂ increases sensory afferent discharge from the carotid body to elicit corrective changes in breathing patterns. We discuss here the new concept that hypoxia, by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to consequent phosphorylation of target proteins, such as ion channels, which initiate pulmonary artery constriction and carotid body activation. Consistent with this view, AMPK knockout mice exhibit an impaired ventilatory response to hypoxia. Thus, AMPK may be sufficient and necessary for hypoxia-response coupling and may regulate O ₂ and thereby energy (ATP) supply at the whole body as well as the cellular level.